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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Nonpolymorphic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase treatment-selected mutations.

Rajin Shahriar¹, Soo-Yon Rhee, Tommy F Liu

¹Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

|September 2, 2009

Summary

Antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) involves protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations. This study reveals an increasing prevalence of these drug-selected mutations in HIV patients undergoing treatment.

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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a growing concern.
The spectrum of mutations in HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) selected by ARV drugs requires continuous monitoring due to evolving treatment patterns and increasing sequence data from diverse viral subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the prevalence of protease and RT mutations in HIV-1 group M sequences between individuals with and without a history of protease inhibitor (PI) or RT inhibitor (RTI) treatment.
To identify nonpolymorphic mutations under ARV selection pressure and assess changes in their prevalence over time and across different viral subtypes.

Main Methods:

Analysis of protease sequences from 26,888 individuals and RT sequences from 25,695 individuals.
Classification of mutations based on their prevalence in untreated individuals and whether their prevalence increased fivefold with ARV therapy.
Comparison of mutation prevalence with previous studies, noting increases in sample size and inclusion of non-subtype B viruses.

Main Results:

Identified 88 PI-selected and 122 RTI-selected nonpolymorphic mutations with a fivefold higher prevalence in ARV-treated individuals compared to ARV-naïve individuals.
Observed a 47% increase in PI-selected mutations and a 77% increase in RTI-selected mutations compared to a 2005 study.
Demonstrated a significant increase in the number of identified mutations with a larger dataset and broader subtype representation.

Conclusions:

Many nonpolymorphic mutations in HIV-1 protease and RT are under selection pressure from ARV drugs.
The landscape of treatment-selected mutations is dynamic, influenced by evolving treatment regimens, increased patient data, and greater availability of sequences from non-subtype B viruses.