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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

[Incretin and bone].

Yuichiro Yamada1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine.

Clinical Calcium
|September 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastrointestinal hormones like gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) influence bone health. These incretins stimulate bone-building cells and suppress bone-resorbing cells, potentially increasing bone volume.

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Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics
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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders
11:47

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics
09:43

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Published on: March 1, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Gastrointestinal hormones, specifically incretins like GIP and GLP-1, are released post-meal.
  • These hormones are known for stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Emerging research indicates roles for incretins beyond glucose regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extra-pancreatic functions of GIP and GLP-1.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which these hormones impact bone turnover.
  • To determine the potential of GIP and GLP-1 in modulating bone volume.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of extra-pancreatic GIP and GLP-1 receptors.
  • Analysis of the effects of GIP on osteoblasts.
  • Analysis of the effects of GLP-1 on osteoclasts via a calcitonin-dependent pathway.

Main Results:

  • GIP and GLP-1 receptors are present in extra-pancreatic tissues, including bone.
  • GIP was found to intermittently stimulate osteoblasts, promoting bone formation.
  • GLP-1 was observed to suppress osteoclasts, reducing bone resorption.

Conclusions:

  • GIP and GLP-1 play significant roles in regulating bone turnover.
  • The distinct actions of GIP on osteoblasts and GLP-1 on osteoclasts contribute to bone volume regulation.
  • These incretins represent potential therapeutic targets for bone-related disorders.