Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
What is a Mode?01:07

What is a Mode?

The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Impedance Combination01:21

Impedance Combination

Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage division...
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The influence of thermal and hypoxia induced habitat compression on walleye (Sander vitreus) movements in a temperate lake.

Movement ecology·2025
Same author

Spatial ecology of non-native common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) in Lake Ontario with implications for management.

Aquatic sciences·2022
Same author

Use of Fish Telemetry in Rehabilitation Planning, Management, and Monitoring in Areas of Concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Environmental management·2017
Same author

Using genetic inference to re-evaluate the minimum longevity of the lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris.

Journal of fish biology·2016
Same author

Development of an injectable two-phase drug delivery system for sequential release of antiresorptive and osteogenic drugs.

Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials·2011
Same author

Coherence length and output power of GaAIAs single-mode diode lasers: a rule-of-thumb relationship.

Applied optics·2010
Same journal

Gaussian-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 60 km fiber using an integrated silicon photonic receiver.

Optics letters·2026
Same journal

E2E-OCT: end-to-end joint learning model using optical coherence tomography images for vocal cord leukoplakia diagnosis.

Optics letters·2026
Same journal

Holographic generation of panoramic 3D scenes by concave ellipsoidal mirror reflection.

Optics letters·2026
Same journal

Dual-pilot phase recovery with pair-wise maximum-ratio combining for coherent PONs.

Optics letters·2026
Same journal

Mapping the whispering gallery modes of a CaF<sub>2</sub> disk resonator with half-tapered fibers to estimate the fundamental mode volume.

Optics letters·2026
Same journal

Quantitative estimation of deep-subwavelength scale via dark-field scattering axial energy concentration decay profiles.

Optics letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
08:48

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Published on: November 22, 2019

Two-mode fiber modal coupler.

R C Youngquist, J L Brooks, H J Shaw

    Optics Letters
    |September 2, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel fiber optic modal coupler that precisely controls light modes. This device enables efficient mode coupling and functions as an in-line polarizer, significantly improving optical device performance.

    More Related Videos

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
    12:18

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

    Published on: August 5, 2013

    Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water
    08:06

    Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

    Published on: November 8, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
    08:48

    Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

    Published on: November 22, 2019

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
    12:18

    Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

    Published on: August 5, 2013

    Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water
    08:06

    Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

    Published on: November 8, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Fiber Optics Engineering

    Background:

    • Single-mode fibers below cutoff wavelength guide multiple modes with different phase velocities.
    • Coherent coupling between these modes can be induced by periodic stress.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize a novel fiber optic modal coupler.
    • To demonstrate its application in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and as a polarizer.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing periodic stress on a two-mode fiber to induce modal coupling.
    • Fabricating and integrating two couplers into a fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
    • Characterizing polarization sensitivity and extinction ratios.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved efficient coupling to a second-order mode with < -40 dB residual fundamental mode power.
    • Constructed a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with > 30 dB on/off ratio.
    • Demonstrated polarization sensitivity with a 36 dB extinction ratio, enabling in-line polarization functionality.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed modal coupler effectively controls light propagation in optical fibers.
    • This technology offers significant improvements for interferometric and polarization-based fiber optic devices.