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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

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When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Measurements of Waves in a Wind-wave Tank Under Steady and Time-varying Wind Forcing
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Published on: February 13, 2018

Observation of intensity-dependent guided waves.

H Vach, C T Seaton, G I Stegeman

    Optics Letters
    |September 2, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Intensity-dependent hysteresis was observed in guided wave transmission through a thin-film waveguide. This phenomenon, linked to the cladding

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Waveguide optics
    • Materials science

    Background:

    • Thin-film waveguides are crucial for optical devices.
    • Optical properties can change with light intensity, a phenomenon known as the Kerr effect.
    • Understanding these nonlinear effects is key for advanced photonic applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate intensity-dependent hysteresis in guided wave transmission.
    • To explore the role of nonlinear optical properties in thin-film waveguides.
    • To validate theoretical models for nonlinear waveguide behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a thin-film waveguide with a nonlinear cladding material.
    • Experimental measurement of guided wave transmission intensity.

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  • Observation and analysis of hysteresis loops in transmission versus input intensity.

    • Main Results:

    • An intensity-dependent hysteresis was observed in the transmission of guided waves.
    • The hysteresis is attributed to the intensity-dependent refractive index of the waveguide cladding.
    • Experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions.

    Conclusions:

    • Thin-film waveguides with nonlinear claddings exhibit intensity-dependent hysteresis.
    • The observed hysteresis is a direct consequence of nonlinear optical effects.
    • Theoretical models accurately predict the behavior of such nonlinear optical systems.