Immunocytochemical characterization of supporting cells in the enteric nervous system in Hirschsprung's disease

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of two distinct neural components, extrinsic and intrinsic, and its supporting cells uniquely possess some characteristics of both central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes and peripheral nervous system (PNS) Schwann cells. To provide further insight into the neural defects in Hirschsprung's disease, the supporting cells in biopsied normal gut, ganglionic, and aganglionic segments from six cases of Hirschsprung's disease were investigated immunocytochemically for localization of three neuroglial markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100 protein, and glutamine synthetase (GS), by the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex method applied to free-floating thick cryostat sections. In normal control gut and ganglionic segments of Hirschsprung's colon, all of the GFAP, S-100, and GS were expressed strongly by the supporting cells of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, interconnecting nerve fiber bundles of the plexuses, and fine nerve strands in the muscular layer. The nerve bundles of the subserosa merging into the muscular layer were also immunoreactive for GFAP and S-100, but negative or only faintly positive for GS. On the other hand, aberrantly proliferated nerve bundles in the aganglionic segment of the Hirschsprung's colon were accompanied by supporting cells strongly positive for GFAP and S-100, but negative or faintly positive for GS. These results indicate that the supporting cells of the enteric neurons proper, enteric glia, express GFAP, S-100, and GS, whereas the supporting cells of the extrinsic components, which accompany PNS axons, are negative or very weakly positive for GS. Thus, GS immunocytochemistry may delineate intrinsic and extrinsic neural components in the ENS, and may provide an important clue for differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.