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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo

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Published on: March 8, 2018

[Lung microangiopathy in diabetes].

Krzysztof Kuziemski¹, Lucyna Górska, Ewa Jassem

¹Klinika Alergologii Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego, Gdańsk. k.kuziemski@amg.gda.pl

Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska

|September 2, 2009

Summary

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can damage lung function and reduce diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), indicating alveolar-capillary barrier damage. This review explores microangiopathy

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Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature

Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature

Published on: January 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Endocrinology and Metabolism
Pulmonology
Pathophysiology

Context:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
DM complications include microvascular damage affecting eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
The impact of diabetic microangiopathy on lung function remains under-explored.

Purpose:

To review existing literature on the influence of diabetic microangiopathy on lung function.
To investigate the relationship between DM, microangiopathy, and pulmonary parameters like DLCO.

Summary:

DM-induced microangiopathy may impair lung function.
Reduced lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is observed in DM patients.
This suggests potential damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier in the lungs due to DM.

Impact:

Highlights a potential link between diabetes and lung health.
Underscores the need for further research into DM's pulmonary manifestations.
May inform clinical monitoring and management strategies for diabetic patients.