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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration

The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Respiratory Volumes01:15

Respiratory Volumes

Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
Tidal Volume (TV) Tidal volume (TV) is the air inhaled or exhaled in a...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Microfluidic Model of Biomimetically Breathing Pulmonary Acinar Airways
09:39

A Microfluidic Model of Biomimetically Breathing Pulmonary Acinar Airways

Published on: May 9, 2016

"Breathing" vesicles.

Shaoyong Yu1, Tony Azzam, Isabelle Rouiller

  • 1Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces pH-responsive vesicles with a unique "breathing" ability, reversibly changing size and allowing species diffusion. These smart vesicles offer rapid proton transport and controlled permeability.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Vesicles are crucial in drug delivery and nanotechnology.
  • pH-responsive materials offer dynamic control over vesicle properties.
  • Controlled swelling and permeability are key for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel triblock copolymer for pH-responsive vesicles.
  • To investigate the pH-induced structural changes and volume transitions of these vesicles.
  • To evaluate the impact of pH changes on vesicle permeability and ion transport.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PS-b-PDEA) via ATRP.
  • Self-assembly of vesicles at high pH (ca. 10.4).
  • Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for structural analysis.
  • pH-dependent characterization of vesicle size, wall thickness, and permeability.

Main Results:

  • Vesicles exhibit a three-layered wall structure (PS-PDEA-PS) with pH-dependent swelling.
  • A significant, reversible volume change (ca. 7-fold) occurs with decreasing pH due to PDEA protonation and hydration.
  • Decreasing pH leads to increased vesicle size, wall thickness, and cracking of PS layers, enhancing water and proton permeability.
  • Rapid relaxation time (ca. 1 min) and high reversibility observed across pH 10.4 to 3.4.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized PEO-b-PS-b-PDEA copolymer forms robust, pH-responsive vesicles with tunable properties.
  • The 'breathing' mechanism allows for controlled diffusion of species and rapid proton transport.
  • These vesicles hold potential for applications requiring dynamic volume changes and controlled permeability, such as smart drug delivery systems.