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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Talking to chromatin: post-translational modulation of polycomb group function.

Hanneke E C Niessen1, Jeroen A Demmers, Jan Willem Voncken

  • 1Molecular Genetics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. h.niessen@gen.unimaas.nl

Epigenetics & Chromatin
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb Group proteins regulate gene expression epigenetically. Their function is dynamically modulated by post-translational modifications, impacting development and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression.
  • PcG protein function is dynamic, changing with cellular context and differentiation.
  • The molecular mechanisms controlling this dynamic modulation and signaling integration remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current insights into the post-translational modification of Polycomb Group proteins.
  • To explore how these modifications affect PcG protein function.
  • To present a view of integrated signaling to chromatin.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental evidence on PcG protein regulation.
  • Analysis of post-translational modifications including ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation.
  • Discussion of effects on protein stability, interactions, and enzymatic activity.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence shows PcG proteins undergo various post-translational modifications.
  • These modifications impact PcG protein stability, interactions, and enzymatic activities.
  • Specific PcG proteins can also modify other chromatin-associated proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Post-translational modifications are key regulators of Polycomb Group protein function.
  • Further in vivo studies are needed to elucidate molecular mechanisms and biological relevance.
  • Understanding these processes is vital for insights into development, disease, and therapeutic interventions.