Novel in vitro and in vivo models to study central nervous system infections due to Acanthamoeba spp

Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis is a serious human infection with fatal consequences. The most distressing aspect of Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis is the limited improvement in mortality. The underlying neurobiology is at present not well understood and treatment options are often of limited efficacy. There is therefore a real need to obtain more knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis and to develop new chemotherapeutic approaches. However, the difficulties in using mammalian models to study this infection have hindered our search for therapeutic interventions. Recent availability of the blood-brain barrier, in vitro and use of locust as an in vivo model will undoubtedly allow us to investigate disease pathogenesis, mechanisms of parasite traversal across the blood-brain barrier and new drug therapies. It is argued that the models described here can offer several advantages in terms of speed, cost, technical convenience, and ethical acceptance. Furthermore, they are extremely valuable tools to discriminate molecules participating from both sides of the host-parasite interaction and will generate potentially useful leads in the identification of new potential drugs, as well as testing drug toxicity.