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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids
09:20

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

Published on: October 4, 2019

Hormone replacement therapy and the endometrium.

S Daayana1, C M Holland

  • 1Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Manchester School of Cancer and Imaging Science, St Mary's Hospital, Whitworth Park, Manchester, UK.

Menopause International
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) offers symptom relief for postmenopausal women but carries risks. This review examines HRT

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Increased female life expectancy means a longer postmenopausal period.
  • Postmenopausal women often consider hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for quality of life.
  • Endometrial carcinoma is common in postmenopausal women, raising HRT safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of HRT on the endometrium.
  • To evaluate the evidence linking HRT use to endometrial cancer risk.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HRT and endometrial health.
  • Analysis of data concerning HRT's impact on endometrial tissue.
  • Examination of epidemiological evidence on HRT and endometrial cancer.

More Related Videos

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids
09:20

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

Published on: October 4, 2019

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

Main Results:

  • HRT influences endometrial proliferation and structure.
  • Evidence suggests a correlation between certain HRT regimens and increased endometrial cancer risk.
  • Risk varies based on HRT type, duration, and progestogen use.

Conclusions:

  • Balancing HRT benefits (symptom relief) against endometrial cancer risks is crucial.
  • Individualized risk assessment is necessary for prescribing HRT to postmenopausal women.
  • Further research is needed to clarify specific HRT risks and optimal management strategies.