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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

Renal osteodystrophy and vascular calcification.

T Arcidiacono1, V Paloschi, F Rainone

  • 1Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita Salute University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. arcidiacono.teresa@hsr.it

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Phosphate retention in chronic kidney disease (CKD) drives renal osteodystrophy and vascular calcification, increasing fracture risk and cardiovascular mortality. Early prevention of calcification is crucial as therapies to reverse it are lacking.

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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
11:30

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
11:30

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to phosphate retention and reduced vitamin D synthesis.
  • These metabolic alterations lead to renal osteodystrophy and vascular calcification.
  • Vascular calcification is prevalent in hemodialysis patients, indicating arteriopathy and increased cardiovascular risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of renal osteodystrophy and vascular calcification in CKD.
  • To identify key factors contributing to vascular complications in CKD patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of early prevention of calcification in CKD.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the pathophysiology of CKD-mineral bone disorder.
  • It examines the role of metabolic factors, particularly phosphate, in vascular calcification.
  • It discusses the implications of vascular calcification on cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

  • Phosphate retention and altered vitamin D metabolism are central to CKD complications.
  • Vascular calcification stems from osteoblast-like cell differentiation in vessel walls, potentially induced by high phosphate levels.
  • Phosphate retention is identified as a primary detrimental factor for arteries in CKD.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate retention is a critical factor in CKD-associated vascular disease.
  • Vascular calcification contributes significantly to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in CKD patients.
  • Preventing calcification in early stages of CKD is essential, as reversal therapies are unavailable.