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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

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Published on: August 5, 2013

Four-photon-resonant third-harmonic generation in Hg.

A V Smith1

  • 1Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87115, USA.

Optics Letters
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed tunable resonant enhancement in atomic mercury for third-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. This phenomenon involves multi-photon resonances and suggests nonlinear processes beyond simple perturbation theory.

Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Third-harmonic generation (THG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) are crucial nonlinear optical processes.
  • Resonant enhancement can significantly amplify nonlinear optical phenomena.
  • Atomic mercury provides a unique system for studying multi-photon interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate tunable resonant enhancement in third-harmonic and sum-frequency generation in atomic mercury.
  • To identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed resonant enhancement.
  • To assess the validity of perturbative treatments for describing these nonlinear processes.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of THG and SFG in atomic mercury vapor.
  • Tuning laser frequencies to achieve four-photon resonance with specific atomic energy levels (7(1)S, 6(1)D, 6(3)D).

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  • Tuning laser frequencies to achieve five-photon resonance with specific atomic energy levels (9(1)P).

    • Main Results:

    • A tunable resonant enhancement of THG and SFG was observed.
    • Resonance occurred at four-photon and five-photon excitation pathways.
    • The enhancement is attributed to a nonlinear refractive index and higher-order nonlinear mixing (order 5+).

    Conclusions:

    • Perturbative approaches are insufficient to accurately describe the observed nonlinear optical phenomena in atomic mercury.
    • Higher-order nonlinear effects play a significant role in resonant enhancement.
    • The findings offer insights into controlling and understanding multi-photon processes in atomic systems.