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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer
28:15

Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer

Published on: July 28, 2010

PTEN expression and mutation in colorectal carcinomas.

Xiao-Han Li1, Hua-Chuan Zheng, Hiroyuki Takahashi

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, Japan.

Oncology Reports
|September 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Down-regulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression is linked to colorectal cancer progression and poorer survival. PTEN

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In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors
07:33

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Published on: May 17, 2013

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Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer
28:15

Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer

Published on: July 28, 2010

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors
07:33

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Published on: May 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway, controlling cell survival and proliferation.
  • PTEN's role in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular role of PTEN expression and mutation in colorectal carcinomas.
  • To correlate PTEN expression with clinicopathological parameters and patient prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to assess PTEN expression in colorectal carcinomas and adjacent non-cancerous mucosa.
  • PTEN mutations were analyzed via PCR and direct sequencing of exons 1-9.
  • PTEN expression was compared with clinicopathological features, including caspase-3 levels and patient survival.

Main Results:

  • PTEN expression was significantly lower in colorectal carcinomas compared to adjacent non-cancerous mucosa.
  • Reduced PTEN expression correlated with increased tumor size, invasion depth, lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, higher Dukes stage, and decreased caspase-3 expression.
  • PTEN expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in colorectal carcinoma patients.
  • Only one synonymous PTEN mutation was identified.

Conclusions:

  • Down-regulated PTEN expression is implicated in the pathogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal carcinomas.
  • PTEN expression levels may serve as a valuable prognostic marker for colorectal carcinoma.
  • The findings suggest PTEN regulates the balance between apoptosis and proliferation in colorectal cancer.