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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors
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Incomplete posture adjustment during rapid arm movement.

Hiroshi Yamasaki1, Hiroyuki Fujisawa, Fumihiko Hoshi

  • 1Department of Physical Therapeutics, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa University, 1865 Toka-ichiba, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8555, Japan. yamasaki@nr.showa-u.ac.jp

Perceptual and Motor Skills
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postural stabilization during rapid joint movements is unclear. Muscle torque compensates for interaction torque, but nonfocal joints show initial extension and subsequent flexion, impacting anticipatory postural adjustments.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Human Movement Science

Background:

  • Postural stabilization of nonfocal joints during rapid movements is not well understood.
  • Interaction torques from adjacent joint movements disturb nonfocal joints, requiring muscle torque compensation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the mechanism of incomplete nonfocal posture stabilization during fast single-joint flexion tasks.
  • Investigate elbow and shoulder flexion with and without added weight.

Main Methods:

  • Examined relationships between interaction torque, muscle torque, and joint displacement in nonfocal joints.
  • Analyzed torque components during rapid elbow and shoulder flexion tasks.

Main Results:

  • Anticipatory muscle activity generated compensatory torque early in movements.
  • Nonfocal joints exhibited an initial extension followed by flexion.
  • Initial extension magnitude correlated with muscle torque onset delay relative to interaction torque.

Conclusions:

  • Nonfocal joint flexion resulted from overcompensating muscle torque against interaction torque.
  • Observed mechanisms may inform understanding of anticipatory postural adjustment deficits.