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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals
11:17

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

Sacrificial ionic bonds need to be randomly distributed to provide shear deformability.

Markus A Hartmann1, Peter Fratzl

  • 1Institute of Physics, University of Leoben, Franz-Josef Strasse 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.

Nano Letters
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Multivalent ions enable reversible cross-linking in soft materials, creating tunable stiffness. Randomly distributed charges on nanoscale elements allow for large, irreversible deformation, unlike periodic arrangements which result in brittle behavior.

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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
10:32

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals
11:17

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
10:32

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Multivalent ions facilitate reversible cross-linking in biological materials.
  • This cross-linking imparts stiffness and extensibility through sacrificial bonds.
  • Similar shear coupling mechanisms are proposed for biological nanocomposites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple model for shear coupling in soft materials using nanoscale elements and multivalent ions.
  • To investigate the effect of charge distribution on material deformation.
  • To explore the role of sacrificial bonds in material properties.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling stiff nanoscale elements with negative charges in aqueous media.
  • Simulating shear coupling mediated by divalent mobile cations.
  • Analyzing the mechanical response under different charge distribution patterns (periodic vs. random).

Main Results:

  • A model demonstrating shear coupling of charged nanoscale elements by divalent cations.
  • Periodic charge arrangement leads to elastic and brittle coupling.
  • Random charge distribution enables large, irreversible deformation, mimicking sacrificial bond behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution of charges on nanoscale elements significantly influences the mechanical properties of soft materials.
  • Random charge arrangements facilitate large irreversible deformation, a key feature of tough biological materials.
  • This model provides insights into the design principles of advanced soft and biomaterials.