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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
08:05

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Published on: June 7, 2013

Reprogramming the epigenome during germline and seed development.

Mark A Johnson1, Judith Bender

  • 1Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Providence, RI 02912, USA.

Genome Biology
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene silencing via DNA methylation and small RNAs is globally reconfigured during Arabidopsis gametogenesis, impacting transposon activity, gene regulation, and development.

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Gene silencing mechanisms, including DNA methylation and small RNAs, are crucial for genome stability and gene expression regulation.
  • Gametogenesis involves significant epigenetic reprogramming essential for sexual reproduction and proper development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global reconfiguration of gene silencing pathways during gametogenesis in Arabidopsis.
  • To understand the impact of these changes on transposon activity, gene regulation, and overall plant development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing.
  • Small RNA sequencing to profile small RNA populations.
  • Gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to integrate epigenetic and transcriptomic data.

Main Results:

  • Global changes in DNA methylation and small RNA profiles were observed during Arabidopsis gametogenesis.
  • These epigenetic modifications correlate with altered transposon expression and regulation.
  • Specific gene expression patterns are modulated by the reconfiguration of gene silencing pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Gametogenesis in Arabidopsis involves a profound, global reprogramming of DNA methylation and small RNA-mediated gene silencing.
  • This epigenetic reconfiguration is critical for controlling transposon activity and regulating gene expression essential for reproductive success and development.