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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies
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Bidirectional induction toward paraxial mesodermal derivatives from mouse ES cells in chemically defined medium.

Hidetoshi Sakurai1, Yuta Inami, Yukie Tamamura

  • 1Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.

Stem Cell Research
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study shows how to use bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) to guide mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) toward becoming bone or muscle cells. These findings offer a new method for regenerative therapies using stem cells.

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Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: May 15, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a valuable source for regenerative therapies.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) can induce mesodermal cells from ESCs.
  • Specific markers like PDGFR-alpha and E-cadherin aid in distinguishing cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate methods for BMP4-mediated induction of paraxial mesodermal progenitors from ESCs.
  • To utilize PDGFR-alpha and ECD as markers for purification and characterization.
  • To achieve bidirectional differentiation of ESCs into osteochondrogenic and myogenic lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing serum-free ESCs with BMP4 to induce mesodermal differentiation.
  • Using PDGFR-alpha and ECD markers for cell purification and characterization.
  • Manipulating BMP4 and adding lithium chloride (LiCl) to direct differentiation pathways.

Main Results:

  • BMP4 treatment alone induced paraxial mesodermal progenitors capable of osteochondrogenic differentiation (in vitro and in vivo).
  • Early BMP4 removal followed by LiCl promoted differentiation into myogenic progenitor cells.
  • These progenitors further differentiated into mature skeletal muscle cells in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • Chemically defined conditions enable efficient bidirectional differentiation of mouse ESCs.
  • This method successfully generates osteochondrogenic and myogenic cell types from ESCs.
  • The findings support the potential of ESCs in regenerative medicine applications.