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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
11:46

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Published on: April 27, 2014

Bladder dysfunction in hereditary spastic paraplegia: what to expect?

Mark Braschinsky1, Inga Zopp, Mart Kals

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Tartu, Puusepa 2, Tartu 51014, Estonia. mark.braschinsky@kliinikum.ee

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Urinary dysfunction is common in hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), affecting over 77% of patients. Incontinence and hesitancy are frequent symptoms, highlighting the need for clinical awareness and management strategies for neurogenic bladder in HSP.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
11:46

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Published on: April 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Urology

Background:

  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders causing leg spasticity and hyperreflexia.
  • Neurogenic bladder dysfunction is recognized in HSP but lacks systematic literature description.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an evidence-based overview of urinary dysfunction presentation in HSP patients.
  • To systematically describe the spectrum of neurogenic bladder symptoms in hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of 49 patients with HSP.
  • Inclusion of medical history, semi-structured interviews, post-void residual (PVR) measurement, and urodynamic evaluation.

Main Results:

  • 77.6% of patients reported urinary symptoms, correlating with objective dysfunction.
  • Most common symptoms: incontinence (69.4%), hesitancy (59.2%), increased frequency (55.1%), and urgency (51.0%).
  • Incomplete bladder emptying linked to higher PVR; women showed increased voiding frequency.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first systematic, disease-oriented overview of neurogenic bladder in HSP.
  • Findings can aid clinicians in screening and managing urinary dysfunction in HSP patients.