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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Disease-modifying treatment in systemic sclerosis: current status.

Niamh P Quillinan1, Christopher P Denton

  • 1Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|September 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Current treatments for systemic sclerosis include cyclophosphamide for severe lung and skin disease, and methotrexate for overlap syndromes. While no single treatment is perfect, new therapies are emerging.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs.
  • Effective disease-modifying therapies are limited, necessitating a review of current treatment options and future directions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence and best practices for disease-modifying therapies in systemic sclerosis.
  • To identify established and emerging treatments for systemic sclerosis management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and guidelines.
  • Analysis of treatment efficacy and safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Cyclophosphamide is recommended for severe skin and lung manifestations.
  • Methotrexate is preferred for scleroderma overlap syndromes.
  • Mycophenolate and azathioprine offer alternatives for skin and lung disease.
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and imatinib show promise, pending trial results.
  • Relaxin is contraindicated; type I collagen tolerance may benefit select patients.
  • Further research is needed for biological agents like infliximab, rituximab, and IV immunoglobulin.

Conclusions:

  • Despite ongoing challenges, significant progress has been made in identifying systemic sclerosis treatments and therapeutic targets.
  • Novel agents targeting interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta, and other biological pathways are under development.
  • Future research will focus on developing well-tolerated and effective therapies for systemic sclerosis.