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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

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Published on: August 28, 2017

Psychological aspects of PSA testing.

Riccardo G V Torta¹, Jacopo Munari

¹Clinical and Oncologic Psychology, San Giovanni Battista University Hospital, Turin, Italy. riccardo.torta@unito.it

Nature Reviews. Urology

|September 4, 2009

Summary

Patient education on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is crucial. Clear communication about PSA testing and results can reduce patient anxiety and improve psychological well-being.

Area of Science:

Urology
Patient Education
Psychological Well-being

Background:

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and monitoring can cause significant emotional distress.
Patients often lack adequate information regarding PSA screening and abnormal result implications.
There is no consensus on the optimal content for patient education on PSA screening.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the emotional distress associated with PSA screening.
To emphasize the need for improved patient education on PSA screening.
To explore the role of physicians in mitigating patient distress.

Main Methods:

Literature review on PSA screening, patient distress, and communication strategies.
Analysis of the impact of information and coping mechanisms on patient well-being.

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Discussion of the physician's role in patient education and psychological support.

Main Results:

Inadequate patient information contributes to emotional distress during PSA screening.
Effective patient education can help patients develop positive coping styles.
Physician communication is key to improving patient compliance and psychological health.

Conclusions:

Enhanced patient education regarding PSA screening is essential.
Physician-patient communication strategies can alleviate distress and improve outcomes.
Addressing the psychological impact of PSA screening is vital for patient care.