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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Removal of Exogenous Materials from the Outer Portion of Frozen Cores to Investigate the Ancient Biological Communities Harbored Inside
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Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling.

Darrell S Kaufman1, David P Schneider, Nicholas P McKay

  • 1School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. darrell.kaufman@nau.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arctic temperatures cooled for 2000 years due to orbital changes, with the most recent warming trend reversing this pattern. Recent decades show unprecedented warmth in the Arctic region.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Modeling
  • Arctic Research

Background:

  • The first millennium Common Era (C.E.) temperature history, particularly in the Arctic, is poorly documented.
  • Long-term climate trends and their drivers require extensive, high-resolution data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct Arctic temperature history over the past 2000 years.
  • To investigate the influence of orbital forcing on long-term Arctic climate trends.
  • To compare proxy data with climate model simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized decadally resolved proxy temperature records from poleward of 60 degrees N.
  • Utilized a 2000-year transient climate simulation with the Community Climate System Model (CCSM).
  • Analyzed temperature sensitivity to changes in insolation.

Main Results:

  • A persistent cooling trend was observed from 2000 years ago through the Middle Ages and into the Little Ice Age.
  • Proxy reconstructions and CCSM simulations showed similar temperature sensitivity to insolation changes.
  • The long-term cooling trend was attributed to reduced summer insolation from orbital variations.
  • The 20th century marked a reversal of the cooling trend, with the warmest decades occurring post-1950.

Conclusions:

  • Orbital forcing significantly influenced Arctic temperature trends over the past two millennia.
  • The 20th century experienced a pronounced warming, contrasting with the preceding long-term cooling.
  • Climate models can replicate observed long-term temperature sensitivities to insolation.