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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats

Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats

Published on: September 7, 2016

[Anesthesia and World Wide Web 2.0. Instructions for use].

K U Klein¹, S C Thal

¹Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz. kuklein@uni-mainz.de

Der Anaesthesist

|September 5, 2009

Summary

The World Wide Web provides current medical information, but finding reliable sources is challenging. This guide offers anesthesiologists strategies for effectively using web 2.0 technologies for medical research.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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Published on: June 29, 2016

Area of Science:

Medical Informatics
Anesthesiology

Context:

The World Wide Web (WWW) presents a vast and rapidly updated repository of medical information.
Navigating the sheer volume of online content poses a significant challenge in identifying credible medical resources.

Purpose:

To provide anesthesiologists with practical instructions for utilizing the World Wide Web.
To enhance the use of web 2.0 technologies for accessing and evaluating medical information.

Summary:

This manuscript outlines methods for anesthesiologists to effectively search and critically assess online medical information.
It focuses on leveraging web 2.0 tools to improve information retrieval and reliability in the field of anesthesiology.

Impact:

Improved access to timely and reliable medical data for anesthesiologists.
Enhanced evidence-based practice through effective utilization of online medical resources.