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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery
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Published on: August 6, 2019

Branched polymer-protein conjugates made from mid-chain-functional P(HPMA).

Lei Tao1, Jingquan Liu, Thomas P Davis

  • 1Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Biomacromolecules
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to create branched polymers with midchain functionalization. These polymers can be used to create advanced protein-polymer conjugates, potentially improving biomolecule stability and circulation time.

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
15:33

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

Published on: October 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Bioconjugation Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Developing functional polymers is crucial for advanced biomaterials.
  • Protein-polymer conjugates offer enhanced therapeutic and diagnostic properties.
  • Controlling polymer architecture and functionality is key for effective conjugation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize branched poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PHPMA) with a midchain thio-reactive group.
  • To utilize reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for controlled polymer synthesis.
  • To create well-defined protein-polymer conjugates using the synthesized functional polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel midchain-functional chain transfer agent.
  • Preparation of branched PHPMA via RAFT polymerization.
  • Characterization of polymer structure using (1)H NMR, GPC, and hydrolysis.
  • Conjugation of functionalized polymers with bovine serum albumin (BSA).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized branched PHPMA with a midchain pyridyldisulfide group.
  • Confirmed well-defined polymer structures with predesigned molecular weights and narrow polydispersities.
  • Demonstrated high functionalization efficiencies of the polymers.
  • Generated protein-polymer conjugates through straightforward incubation with BSA.

Conclusions:

  • A novel and efficient method for synthesizing branched, midfunctionalized polymers was established.
  • The synthesized polymers are suitable for creating advanced protein-polymer conjugates.
  • This approach holds potential for improving biomolecule stability and circulation time in conjugates.
  • The methodology offers a versatile platform for developing next-generation bioconjugates.