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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

Aneuploidy and DNA fragmentation in morphologically abnormal sperm.

S S Tang¹, H Gao, Y Zhao

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

International Journal of Andrology

|September 8, 2009

Summary

Sperm morphology abnormalities in teratozoospermic men correlate with increased chromosomal abnormalities and DNA fragmentation. This finding is crucial for improving sperm selection in infertility treatments.

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

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Published on: August 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Human Genetics
Andrology

Background:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) success relies on selecting morphologically viable sperm.
Limited data exists on the correlation between sperm morphology and chromosomal abnormalities or DNA integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between specific sperm morphology and chromosomal abnormalities.
To explore the relationship between sperm morphology and sperm DNA fragmentation.

Main Methods:

Sperm samples from teratozoospermic (n=10) and control (n=9) men were analyzed.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to assess aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y.
TUNEL assays determined DNA fragmentation levels, alongside detailed sperm morphology evaluation.

Main Results:

Teratozoospermic men exhibited higher rates of total chromosomal abnormality, total aneuploidy, and chromosome 13 disomy compared to controls.
Specific abnormal morphologies (tapered heads, amorphous heads, tail abnormalities) were associated with chromosomal abnormalities.
Higher DNA fragmentation was observed in teratozoospermic men, correlating with specific morphological defects like bent necks and round heads.

Conclusions:

Sperm from teratozoospermic men show increased chromosomal abnormalities and DNA fragmentation.
Certain abnormal sperm morphologies are reliable indicators of underlying chromosomal and DNA integrity issues.
Morphological assessment can aid in identifying sperm with higher risks of genetic and DNA damage.