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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
08:50

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

Fetal infections and brain development.

James F Bale1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA. james.bale@hsc.utah.edu

Clinics in Perinatology
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapid diagnostics and imaging identify intrauterine and perinatal infections. Early postnatal therapy improves outcomes for congenital infections like toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus, but challenges remain.

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
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A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
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Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • Intrauterine and perinatal infections pose significant risks to infant neurodevelopment.
  • Diagnostic tools and imaging techniques have advanced for pathogen identification and CNS effect characterization.
  • Despite advancements, prevention through immunization is not available for all key pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for intrauterine and perinatal infections.
  • To highlight the impact of these infections on long-term child health outcomes.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely intervention for affected neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current microbial diagnostics for rapid and specific pathogen identification.
  • Utilization of CT and MRI for characterizing central nervous system effects.
  • Discussion of therapeutic approaches for specific congenital infections.

Main Results:

  • Effective diagnostics and imaging aid in identifying causative agents and neurological sequelae.
  • Postnatal therapy for congenital Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasma pallidum, Toxoplasma cruzi, and cytomegalovirus infections can improve outcomes.
  • Prompt acyclovir therapy is crucial for suspected perinatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis.

Conclusions:

  • Intrauterine and perinatal infections remain critical causes of childhood disabilities globally.
  • Early diagnosis and targeted postnatal therapy are essential to mitigate severe neurodevelopmental consequences.
  • Continued research and improved management strategies are needed to reduce the burden of these infections.