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Related Concept Videos

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
07:26

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Published on: January 31, 2025

Ttc21b is required to restrict sonic hedgehog activity in the developing mouse forebrain.

R W Stottmann1, P V Tran, A Turbe-Doan

  • 1Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Developmental Biology
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Loss of Ttc21b disrupts embryonic brain development by elevating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. This study reveals Ttc21b

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The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis
11:39

The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis

Published on: January 29, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
07:26

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Published on: January 31, 2025

The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis
11:39

The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Developing brains rely on organizing centers for patterning cues, such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh).
  • Cilia play crucial roles in cellular signaling and development.
  • Intraflagellar transport is essential for ciliary function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the forebrain phenotype resulting from Ttc21b gene loss.
  • To investigate the role of Ttc21b in ciliary function and Shh signaling during brain development.
  • To determine the impact of Ttc21b mutations on embryonic patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ENU mutagenesis to identify novel ciliary genes.
  • Generated and analyzed Ttc21b mutant embryos.
  • Assessed Shh signaling levels using molecular markers.
  • Examined Wnt signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Ttc21b loss causes significant defects in limb, eye, and brain development.
  • Elevated Shh signaling was observed in the rostral embryonic brain of Ttc21b mutants.
  • Ciliary defects in Ttc21b mutants extend to the embryonic brain.
  • Reducing Shh levels ameliorated the Ttc21b brain phenotype.
  • Wnt signaling did not appear to contribute to the observed neurodevelopmental defects.

Conclusions:

  • Ttc21b is a novel ciliary gene essential for proper forebrain patterning.
  • Aberrant Shh signaling due to ciliary dysfunction is a key mechanism underlying the Ttc21b brain phenotype.
  • Ciliary physiology is critical for embryonic brain development and Shh pathway regulation.