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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Encoding the future: successful processing of intentions engages predictive brain networks.

J Poppenk¹, M Moscovitch, A R McIntosh

¹Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jpoppenk@rotman-baycrest.on.ca

|September 8, 2009

Summary

This study reveals how the brain forms future intentions. Encoding intentions involves both general memory regions and specific executive networks, crucial for prospective memory success.

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Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

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Published on: July 21, 2021

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Memory Research

Background:

Prospective memory (PM) retrieval relies on medial temporal lobe and rostral PFC networks.
The neural mechanisms underlying the initial formation of prospective memories remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate brain activity during the encoding of future intentions versus present actions.
To determine if encoding activity predicts later prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM) performance.

Main Methods:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to monitor brain activity.
Participants encoded future intentions and present actions.
Neural activity patterns were correlated with subsequent memory recall for intentions (PM) and actions (RM).

Main Results:

Two distinct neural activity patterns emerged: one for general memory and one specific to PM.
Overall memory success was linked to temporal lobe and hippocampal activations.
PM success was uniquely predicted by activity in the left rostrolateral PFC and right parahippocampal gyrus.

Conclusions:

The findings extend the role of the rostrolateral PFC and parahippocampal gyrus to the formation of intentions.
This study provides the first evidence that prospective memory encoding recruits both common episodic memory and executive networks.
Future-oriented processing during intention encoding engages specific neural mechanisms.