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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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Augmented photoswitching modulates immune signaling.

Yixin Zhang1, Frank Erdmann, Gunter Fischer

  • 1Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Halle, Germany.

Nature Chemical Biology
|September 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed photoswitchable cyclosporin A derivatives for precise immune system regulation. This allows reversible, non-invasive control over drug effects, offering new therapeutic possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Precise regulation of the immune system is crucial for treating various diseases.
  • Current immunosuppressive therapies lack fine-tuned control over drug activity.
  • Developing methods for reversible and non-invasive drug effect modulation is highly desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel cyclosporin A derivatives with photoswitchable immunosuppressive properties.
  • To demonstrate the ability to control drug activity using light.
  • To explore the potential for precise, localized immune system regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized protein borrowing and two-photon photoisomerization techniques.
  • Synthesized modified cyclosporin A molecules.
  • Investigated the modulation of inhibitory potencies against cyclophilin.
  • Assessed the influence on ternary and quaternary complex formations.
  • Evaluated T-cell transcriptional activation in situ.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed and synthesized photoswitchable cyclosporin A derivatives.
  • Demonstrated reversible, light-induced switching of local molecular conformation.
  • Showcased modulation of inhibitory potencies for cyclophilin.
  • Confirmed influence on complex formations critical for T-cell activation.
  • Regulated T-cell transcriptional activation in situ using light.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a novel approach for photoswitchable immunosuppression using modified cyclosporin A.
  • Established a method for non-invasive, light-controlled regulation of drug activity.
  • This technology holds promise for precise immune system modulation in therapeutic applications.