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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Published on: July 31, 2007

Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives.

Madhusudan Hosamani1, Alessandra Scagliarini, Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash

  • 1Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India. madhu.hosa@gmail.com

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|September 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Orf virus causes a widespread disease in small ruminants and can spread to other species. Understanding its host-pathogen interactions, evasive strategies, and diagnostic methods is crucial for managing this zoonotic infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Zoonotic Pathogens

Background:

  • Orf is a globally prevalent viral disease primarily affecting small ruminants, with increasing reports in new species.
  • The orf virus (ORFV) is known for its zoonotic potential and ability to infect various hosts, necessitating ongoing research.
  • Host-pathogen dynamics, viral evasion tactics, and antigenic diversity contribute to ORFV's persistence and reinfection capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concise overview of current knowledge on orf virus.
  • To detail the host-pathogen interactions, molecular biology, and epidemiology of ORFV.
  • To summarize diagnostic approaches and the impact of orf disease.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes recent findings from various studies on orf virus.
  • It integrates information on viral genetics, host immune responses, and disease transmission.
  • Diagnostic confirmation relies on clinical signs, electron microscopy, histology, and PCR.

Main Results:

  • Orf virus exhibits complex host-pathogen interactions, including mechanisms to evade host immunity and facilitate reinfection.
  • Viral genes homologous to host cytokines or antagonists contribute to virulence.
  • Accurate diagnosis combines clinical observation with laboratory techniques like PCR.

Conclusions:

  • Orf virus poses a significant challenge due to its widespread nature, zoonotic potential, and complex host interactions.
  • Effective management requires a thorough understanding of its epidemiology, molecular biology, and diagnostic procedures.
  • Further research into ORFV's evasive strategies and host-specific adaptations is warranted.