Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Renal Masses in Childhood: An Australian Perspective.

Journal of paediatrics and child health·2025

Same author

Generalized sarcoidosis associated with hypertrophic osteopathy in a Standardbred racehorse.

Journal of equine veterinary science·2024

Same author

Selection for treatment of patients at high risk of fracture by the short versus long term prediction models - data from the Belgian FRISBEE cohort.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2023

Same author

The effect of fracture recency on observed 5-year fracture probability: A study based on the FRISBEE cohort.

Bone reports·2023

Same author

[Physical activity in nursing homes: contributions of the SENIOR cohort].

Revue medicale de Liege·2023

Same author

Are there specific clinical risk factors for the occurrence of multiple fractures? The FRISBEE study.

Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Combining Imaging and Electrophysiology to Visualize and Record Spreading Depolarizations in Mice

Combining Imaging and Electrophysiology to Visualize and Record Spreading Depolarizations in Mice

Published on: October 4, 2024

Cortical spreading depression-new insights and persistent questions.

A Charles¹, Kc Brennan

¹Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. acharles@ucla.edu

Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache

|September 9, 2009

Summary

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of neural activity in the brain. Research continues to explore its mechanisms and links to human conditions like migraine.

More Related Videos

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Published on: June 13, 2011

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Combining Imaging and Electrophysiology to Visualize and Record Spreading Depolarizations in Mice

Combining Imaging and Electrophysiology to Visualize and Record Spreading Depolarizations in Mice

Published on: October 4, 2024

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Published on: June 13, 2011

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology

Background:

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been studied for over 60 years.
Fundamental questions about CSD initiation, propagation, and functional consequences remain.
Recent advances in genetics and cellular imaging offer new insights into CSD mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the extensive research on CSD over the past decades.
To focus on recent studies concerning CSD mechanisms and relevance to migraine.
To explore the roles of astrocytes and vasculature in CSD.

Main Methods:

Literature review of CSD research.
Analysis of genetic and cellular imaging studies.
Examination of clinical evidence of CSD in human brain injury.

Main Results:

CSD involves specific neuronal ion channels, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators.
Astrocytes and vasculature play active roles in CSD.
CSD occurs in humans and has functional consequences, particularly in brain injury.

Conclusions:

Animal models of CSD provide valuable insights into migraine pathophysiology.
While the exact role in migraine is still debated, CSD research is clinically relevant.
Further investigation into CSD mechanisms is crucial for understanding neurological disorders.