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Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Ethical Dilemmas II01:30

Ethical Dilemmas II

Resolving an ethical dilemma in healthcare involves a systematic approach that considers every aspect of the issue, respecting both the patient's needs and values and the healthcare professional's ethical obligations. Here are potential steps to resolve an ethical dilemma:
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Ethical Dilemmas I01:17

Ethical Dilemmas I

Ethical dilemmas in nursing are of utmost importance, as they often arise from the tension between adhering to core ethical principles and the practical realities of healthcare delivery. These dilemmas require nurses to navigate complex situations where competing ethical considerations pull them in different directions.
Let us explore some examples to understand the potentially complex moral decisions nurses face.
Take the case of caring for minors, particularly in areas related to reproductive...
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development01:19

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Kohlberg's theory of moral development uses the Heinz dilemma — a thought experiment in which a man, Heinz, must decide whether to steal an unaffordable drug to save his dying wife — to illustrate the evolution of moral reasoning. This framework, divided into three levels with two stages, highlights how individuals' understanding of right and wrong becomes increasingly complex.
Pre-Conventional Level
At the pre-conventional level, morality is primarily driven by personal consequences. In Stage...

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Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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Published on: September 10, 2018

The defined trial period in ethical decision making.

Gary A Johanson1

  • 1Palliative Care Consultation Service, St Joseph Health System, Santa Rosa, CA 95405, USA. g.johanson@att.net

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
|September 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Establishing treatment goals for critically ill patients is challenging, especially with complex chronic conditions. A defined trial period offers a strategy to navigate these dilemmas by allowing for consensus-building in care planning.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • Palliative Care
  • Healthcare Decision-Making

Background:

  • Patients with acute, life-threatening illnesses, particularly those with co-existing chronic conditions, often struggle to define treatment preferences and goals of care.
  • This difficulty is amplified during the early stages of treatment when accurate prognostication is challenging, complicating shared decision-making.

Observation:

  • The concept of a "defined trial period" is presented as a valuable strategy to address these challenges.
  • This approach relies on the ethical and legal acceptance of withholding and withdrawing medical interventions as equivalent options.

Findings:

  • A case study illustrates how implementing a defined trial period facilitated consensus among the entire care team regarding an appropriate treatment plan.
  • This strategy proved effective in resolving complex care dilemmas faced by patients, families, and healthcare providers.

Implications:

  • The defined trial period can improve communication and consensus-building in critical care settings, leading to more patient-centered treatment plans.
  • Addressing the ethical and practical challenges of resource allocation in healthcare remains a significant societal concern.