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Related Concept Videos

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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications.

Nora D Volkow1, Gene-Jack Wang, Scott H Kollins

  • 1National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Room 5274, MSC 9581, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nvolkow@nida.nih.gov

JAMA
|September 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit reduced dopamine synaptic markers in the brain's reward pathway. These dopamine transporter and receptor reductions correlate with inattention symptoms, suggesting a biological basis for reward-motivation deficits in ADHD.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder often persisting into adulthood.
  • Individuals with ADHD frequently display deficits in reward motivation.
  • The mesoaccumbens dopamine reward pathway is implicated in reward processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biological underpinnings of reward/motivation deficits in ADHD.
  • To image key components of the brain's dopamine reward pathway (mesoaccumbens) in adults with ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure dopamine synaptic markers.
  • Dopamine transporters (DAT) and D(2)/D(3) receptors were quantified using specific radioligands.
  • The study included 53 nonmedicated adults with ADHD and 44 healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Lower specific binding of dopamine transporters (DAT) and D(2)/D(3) receptors was observed in adults with ADHD compared to controls.
  • These reductions were found in key reward pathway regions, including the nucleus accumbens, midbrain, and caudate.
  • Attention ratings correlated significantly with DAT and D(2)/D(3) receptor availability in multiple brain regions.

Conclusions:

  • A reduction in dopamine synaptic markers within the dopamine reward pathway is associated with ADHD.
  • These neurobiological alterations may underlie the reward-motivation deficits observed in individuals with ADHD.
  • Findings highlight the role of the dopamine system in ADHD pathophysiology and symptom presentation.