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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice
07:14

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2025

Leptomeningeal metastasis.

Marc C Chamberlain1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. chambemc@u.washington.edu

Current Opinion in Neurology
|September 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Leptomeningeal metastasis diagnosis involves MRI and CSF studies. Treatment includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and novel targeted therapies, offering palliative stabilization for patients with advanced cancer.

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A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease
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A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

Published on: January 29, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice
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Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2025

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease
07:17

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

Published on: January 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Oncology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) affects approximately 5% of cancer patients.
  • LM presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic and treatment modalities for leptomeningeal metastasis.
  • To summarize recent advancements in managing this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on diagnosis and treatment of LM.
  • Analysis of staging procedures including MRI and CSF studies.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic strategies: radiotherapy, chemotherapy (intra-CSF and systemic), and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis requires contrast-enhanced MRI and potentially CSF flow studies.
  • Treatment involves radiotherapy, intra-CSF chemotherapy (methotrexate, cytarabine, etc.), and systemic therapy.
  • High-dose systemic therapy may reduce the need for intra-CSF chemotherapy.
  • Novel targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) like rituximab and trastuzumab are emerging intra-CSF agents.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment for LM is palliative, aiming to stabilize the condition and prevent neurological decline.
  • Median survival remains short (2-3 months), emphasizing the need for effective management strategies.