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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Transmission Line Design Considerations

Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Transverse coupling between a single-mode fiber and a thin-film waveguide.

L Bradley, C A Millar

|September 10, 2009

Summary

Researchers developed a novel transverse coupling method for single-mode optical fibers and thin-film waveguides. This technique achieved a low coupling loss of 2 dB at 1.36 micrometers, advancing optical fiber integration.

Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Materials Science
Photonics

Background:

Standard single-mode optical fibers are crucial for data transmission.
Thin-film waveguides are essential components in integrated photonic circuits.
Efficient coupling between fibers and waveguides is a key challenge in photonics.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a new method for transversely coupling standard single-mode optical fibers to thin-film waveguides.
To quantify the coupling efficiency and loss of this new method.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel transverse coupling technique.
Experimental measurement of coupling loss between fiber and thin-film waveguide.
Characterization of coupling performance at a specific wavelength.

More Related Videos

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Published on: November 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

Published on: November 8, 2018

Main Results:

A new method for transverse optical fiber to thin-film waveguide coupling was successfully demonstrated.
A low coupling loss of 2 decibels (dB) was measured.
The measurements were performed at a wavelength of 1.36 micrometers.

Conclusions:

The described transverse coupling method offers an efficient way to integrate standard optical fibers with thin-film waveguides.
The achieved low coupling loss is promising for applications in optical communication and sensing.
This technique contributes to the advancement of integrated photonic devices.