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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...

Inhibition of CDK Activity

Inhibition of CDK Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Cytokinin action in plant development.

Tomás Werner¹, Thomas Schmülling

¹Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. tower@zedat.fu-berlin.de

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|September 11, 2009

Summary

Cytokinin is a key plant hormone regulating development in shoots and roots. This review explores its role in growth, environmental responses, and stress, highlighting recent advances in understanding this vital system.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

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Published on: December 2, 2016

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Published on: April 17, 2016

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

Published on: March 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Cytokinin is a crucial plant hormone involved in regulating diverse developmental processes.
It operates within an intrinsic genetic network governing organ development in both aerial and subterranean plant parts.
Cytokinin also plays a role in mediating plant responses to environmental cues and stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding the cytokinin system.
To elucidate the links between cytokinin signaling pathways and the regulation of plant growth.
To explore cytokinin's role in integrating internal and external signals for plant development.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent scientific publications.
Analysis of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinin action.
Synthesis of information on cytokinin's role in environmental and stress responses.

Main Results:

Cytokinin is integral to the genetic control of organ development under varying environmental conditions.
The hormone fine-tunes quantitative growth through its interactions with various regulatory pathways.
Cytokinin mediates responses to light, nutrients, water, and biotic/abiotic stresses.

Conclusions:

The cytokinin system is a central regulator of plant development and adaptation.
Understanding cytokinin's integration of signals is key to comprehending plant growth regulation.
Further research on cytokinin pathways will advance plant science and agriculture.