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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor
08:22

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor

Published on: October 9, 2017

Swine flu and antibiotics.

Gavin D Barlow1,

  • 1Department of Infection & Tropical Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull & East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK. Gavin.Barlow@hey.nhs.uk

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|September 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Swine flu can lead to serious secondary bacterial infections. Current UK guidelines for antibiotic use may increase risks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) and MRSA, necessitating alternative treatment strategies.

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Swine Model of Biofilm Infection and Invisible Wounds
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A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor
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Swine Model of Biofilm Infection and Invisible Wounds
07:16

Swine Model of Biofilm Infection and Invisible Wounds

Published on: June 16, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship

Background:

  • Swine flu (H1N1) poses a significant global health threat, with secondary bacterial infections contributing to morbidity and mortality.
  • Secondary infections commonly involve Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the UK Department of Health's clinical pathways for swine flu management.
  • To address concerns regarding the potential negative impact of recommended antibiotic strategies on antimicrobial resistance and hospital-acquired infections.
  • To propose alternative antibiotic regimens for swine flu patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of UK Department of Health clinical pathways for swine flu.
  • Analysis of recommended antibiotic use, including cephalosporins and quinolones for pneumonia.
  • Consideration of existing data on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) rates.

Main Results:

  • The suggested severity criteria for swine flu have not been validated for respiratory infections.
  • Current antibiotic recommendations may undermine efforts to reduce CDAD and MRSA in UK hospitals.
  • Specific antibiotic classes are suggested for inpatients with pneumonia.

Conclusions:

  • The current antibiotic recommendations for swine flu require critical reassessment.
  • Alternative antibiotic regimens are proposed to mitigate risks of CDAD and MRSA.
  • A balanced approach to antibiotic use is crucial during swine flu outbreaks.