Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Yad fimbriae are triggered by host cues and enhance extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli tissue colonisation during bloodstream infection.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Integrated cell-free DNA and omics genetic scores for early detection of gestational diabetes: evidence from a nationwide multicenter study.

The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians·2026
Same author

Metagenomic analysis of UK retail foods finds limited evidence for associations between food production method and antimicrobial resistance gene burden.

Microbial genomics·2026
Same author

Metabolic reconstruction reveals ATP salvage as a key response to trimethoprim treatment.

iScience·2026
Same author

Genomic and AHPND pathogenesis characterization of a novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain carrying an ISVal1-like insertion in pirB<sup>vp</sup>.

Journal of invertebrate pathology·2026
Same author

Natural maternal immunity protects neonates from Escherichia coli sepsis.

Nature·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach
12:32

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach

Published on: December 14, 2019

IncHI plasmids, a dynamic link between resistance and pathogenicity.

Minh-Duy Phan1, John Wain

  • 1Tropical Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
|September 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Incompatibility group HI1 (IncHI1) plasmids spread antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. These plasmids enhance bacterial fitness, increasing enteric fever transmission.

More Related Videos

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
11:50

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem

Published on: October 1, 2015

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
09:00

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach
12:32

Quantification of Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in an Experimental Evolution Approach

Published on: December 14, 2019

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
11:50

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem

Published on: October 1, 2015

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
09:00

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Incompatibility group HI1 (IncHI1) plasmids are key vectors of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, the primary causes of enteric fever.
  • These plasmids have circulated globally in S. Typhi since the 1970s and can persist without antibiotic selection, partly due to a plasmid-encoded H-NS-like regulator.
  • Recently, IncHI1 plasmids have transferred to S. Paratyphi A, increasing its virulence and posing a significant public health threat due to rising fluoroquinolone resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and impact of IncHI1 plasmids in the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence in enteric fever pathogens.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which IncHI1 plasmids enhance the fitness and transmission of Salmonella species.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of IncHI1 plasmid structures and gene content.
  • Investigation of plasmid maintenance mechanisms, including the role of global regulators like H-NS.
  • Tracking the horizontal gene transfer of IncHI1 plasmids between Salmonella subspecies.

Main Results:

  • IncHI1 plasmids possess a conserved backbone but variable regions associated with antibiotic resistance genes.
  • Plasmid-borne H-NS-like regulators contribute to IncHI1 plasmid maintenance and bacterial host fitness.
  • The transfer of IncHI1 plasmids to S. Paratyphi A has augmented its pathogenic potential and spread of drug resistance.

Conclusions:

  • IncHI1 plasmids are critical drivers of antibiotic resistance and virulence in enteric fever pathogens.
  • These plasmids enhance bacterial competitiveness, promoting their own maintenance and increasing the transmission of diseases like typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
  • Understanding IncHI1 plasmid dynamics is crucial for combating the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infections.