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Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy01:23

Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy

Cells can adapt to environmental changes to maintain function and avoid injury, a process called cellular adaptation. Adapted cells exist in a reversible intermediate state with changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolism, or function. These responses help cells meet altered physiological or pathological demands; for example, enlargement of breast and uterine tissues during pregnancy. Early adaptations may enhance function, but persistent stress eventually causes tissue damage.Types of...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Energy Balance01:19

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
08:55

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

Published on: November 30, 2016

Calories and cachexia.

John E Morley1

  • 1GRECC, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. morley@slu.edu

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|September 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caloric supplementation improves outcomes for malnourished patients, enhancing quality of life, especially in cancer and palliative care. Protein-rich supplements with vitamin D, given between meals, are recommended for cachexia.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia
08:55

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

Published on: November 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Nutrition

Background:

  • Cachexia, characterized by anorexia and weight loss, significantly increases mortality risk.
  • The efficacy of caloric supplementation in managing cachexia remains a subject of ongoing research and debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the role and impact of caloric supplementation in the management of cachectic patients.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the benefits and optimal strategies for nutritional intervention in cachexia.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on caloric supplementation in cachexia.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on patient outcomes, quality of life, and specific nutritional components.

Main Results:

  • Caloric supplementation demonstrates improved outcomes in malnourished hospital patients and elderly individuals.
  • Benefits include potential improvements in quality of life for cancer patients and those in palliative care.
  • Recommended supplementation involves balanced essential amino acids, administered at least twice daily, between meals.

Conclusions:

  • Caloric supplementation, particularly protein-rich formulations with adequate vitamin D, should be administered between meals to all cachexia patients.
  • While beneficial, the specific role of certain supplements like eicosapentaenoic acid requires further investigation.