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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
Published on: November 30, 2012
Ti-concentration inhomogeneities in Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Abstract:
Distributed fluctuations in the effective index of a waveguide can explain all the nonideal optical characteristics (including optical cross talk) observed in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 directional-coupler switches. We find that these spatial-index fluctuations are not a result of the photolithographic processes used to define the channel waveguides. Measurements of undiffused Ti films have an envelope of concentration variations approximately seven times that of the diffused Ti channel waveguides. The magnitude of these inhomogeneities is consistent with that required to produce the optical cross talk in current devices.

