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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

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Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Published on: November 21, 2019

Long-range surface magnetoplasmons in thin nickel films.

R K Hickernell¹, D Sarid

¹Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.

|September 11, 2009

Summary

We investigated long-range surface magnetoplasmons in magnetic metal films. Experimental results for nickel films matched theoretical predictions, showing similar reflectance modulation for prism-coupled and single-interface magnetoplasmons.

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Plasmonics
Magnetism

Background:

Surface magnetoplasmons are collective electron oscillations at the interface between a magnetic material and a dielectric.
Understanding their behavior is crucial for developing novel magnetic and optical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically and experimentally investigate long-range surface magnetoplasmons (LRSMPs) in thin magnetic metal films.
To compare the properties of prism-coupled LRSMPs with single-interface magnetoplasmons.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of magnetoplasmon propagation in thin magnetic films.
Experimental measurements of reflectance modulation using prism-coupled modes in nickel films under a transverse magnetic field.

Main Results:

Theoretical predictions for magnetoplasmon behavior were confirmed by experimental data.
Reflectance modulation measurements showed good agreement with the developed theory.
The magnitude of reflectance modulation was found to be comparable for both prism-coupled LRSMPs and single-interface magnetoplasmons.

Conclusions:

The study validates the theoretical framework for LRSMPs in magnetic films.
Prism-coupling is an effective method for exciting and studying LRSMPs.
LRSMPs exhibit significant optical modulation, relevant for device applications.