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Interference: Path Lengths

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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (iPALM)

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Incidental motion in interferometry of phase objects.

|September 11, 2009

Summary

Incidental motion in optical interferometry affects measurements. This study estimates motion limits for speckle and holographic interferometry, finding qualitative agreement with fringe visibility data.

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Metrology
Interferometry

Background:

Interferometry techniques are sensitive to environmental disturbances.
Incidental motion of optical components or phase objects can degrade measurement accuracy.
Understanding motion effects is crucial for reliable phase object characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of incidental motion on phase object interferometry.
To estimate the maximum allowable in-plane and out-of-plane displacements in speckle and holographic interferometry.
To correlate theoretical motion estimates with experimental fringe visibility measurements.

Main Methods:

Analysis of incidental motion effects on optical elements and phase objects.
Development of theoretical estimates for maximum displacements in speckle interferometry.

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Three-dimensional Super Resolution Microscopy of F-actin Filaments by Interferometric PhotoActivated Localization Microscopy (iPALM)

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Development of theoretical estimates for maximum displacements in holographic interferometry.

Experimental measurement of fringe visibility under varying motion conditions.

Main Results:

Quantitative estimates for maximum in-plane and out-of-plane displacements were derived for both speckle and holographic interferometry.
Experimental fringe visibility measurements showed qualitative agreement with the theoretical displacement estimates.
The study provides a basis for understanding motion-induced errors in phase object interferometry.

Conclusions:

Incidental motion significantly influences interferometric measurements of phase objects.
The derived estimates provide practical limits for employing speckle and holographic interferometry in the presence of motion.
Experimental validation supports the theoretical framework for motion effects in interferometry.