Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026
Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
Published on: August 4, 2011
[Clinical and metastatic characteristics in retinoblastoma]
Beatriz Alvarado-Castillo1, Laura Elena Campos-Campos, Astrid Villavicencio-Torres
1Servicio de Oftalmología Pediátrica, Hospital General, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Distrito Federal, México.
Background:
retinoblastoma is an intraocular malignancy of the childhood. Tumor invasion and metastases are the cause of mortality. The objective was to determine the clinical characteristics, the appearance and site of metastases in patients with retinoblastoma.
Methods:
descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out. We reviewed 86 patients with retinoblastoma.
Results:
the average age was 24.5 months. There were 51.2 % women. 75.6 % had unilateral presentation and 24.4 % bilateral; two of these were trilateral The clinical manifestation were leukokoria, strabismus and glaucoma. We found metastatic disease in 18 patients (20 %), being the central nervous system (CNS) and bones frequently affected. The metastases odds ratio was 3.50 associated to choroidal invasion; 6.25 for patients with invasion to optical nerve with edge with tumor; 3.75 for which they had choroidal invasion and optic nerve with free edge and 5.62 for patients with choroidal invasion and optic nerve with surgical edge with tumor.
Conclusions:
choroidal invasion and surgical edge with tumor showed a greater relative risk for development of metastatic disease. The sites commonly affected were the CNS and bones.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:20The Retinoblastoma Gene
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
01:20The Retinoblastoma Gene
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
02:30Metastasis
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...