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Lossless Lines01:23

Lossless Lines

In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi, exhibits...

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Stable low-loss proton-exchanged LiNbO(3) waveguide devices with no electro-optic degradation.

P G Suchoski, T K Findakly, F J Leonberger

    Optics Letters
    |September 12, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Annealed proton exchange in Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) created stable channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder interferometers. These devices demonstrated low loss and consistent electro-optic performance over eight months, showing no degradation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Waveguide Technology
    • Materials Science
    • Electro-Optics

    Background:

    • Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) is a key material for integrated optics due to its excellent electro-optic properties.
    • Fabrication of low-loss optical waveguides is crucial for developing advanced photonic devices.
    • Annealed proton exchange (APE) is a common technique for fabricating waveguides in LiNbO3.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fabricate and characterize channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder interferometers in LiNbO3 using the annealed proton exchange method.
    • To evaluate the optical loss and electro-optic performance of the fabricated devices.
    • To assess the long-term stability of these photonic components.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of optical waveguides and Mach-Zehnder interferometers in LiNbO3 substrates via annealed proton exchange.
    • Measurement of waveguide propagation loss at 0.8 microm wavelength.
    • Characterization of the fiber-to-fiber insertion loss and the r(33) electro-optic coefficient of the interferometers.
    • Long-term stability testing of device performance over an 8-month period at room temperature.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved low waveguide propagation loss of 0.15 dB/cm.
    • Obtained a fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of 1.2 dB at 0.8 microm.
    • Measured an r(33) electro-optic coefficient of 30 x 10(-12) m/V, consistent with theoretical values.
    • Demonstrated no significant variation in insertion loss or switching voltage over 8 months of storage.

    Conclusions:

    • The annealed proton exchange method is effective for fabricating high-performance LiNbO3 channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
    • The fabricated devices exhibit excellent optical and electro-optic properties with no degradation over time.
    • These results indicate the suitability of APE-fabricated LiNbO3 devices for stable, long-term photonic applications.