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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Fisher information as the basis for diffraction optics.

B R Frieden

    Optics Letters
    |September 15, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new uncertainty principle offers a novel approach to solving diffraction problems. This principle, based on minimum Fisher information and intensity data, leads to the Helmholtz wave equation.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optics
    • Wave Phenomena

    Background:

    • The Helmholtz wave equation is fundamental in describing wave propagation.
    • Diffraction patterns are crucial for understanding wave behavior in optics.
    • Current methods for solving diffraction problems have limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To derive the Helmholtz wave equation from a new uncertainty principle.
    • To introduce an intensity-based principle for diffraction analysis.
    • To explore potential improvements in solving diffraction problems.

    Main Methods:

    • Formulating a new uncertainty principle based on photon position and pattern centroid precision.
    • Applying the principle of minimum Fisher information to diffraction patterns.

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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  • Constraining the principle using the medium's refractive index and spatial phase gradient.
  • Utilizing intensity data instead of complex amplitudes.

    • Main Results:

    • The Helmholtz wave equation is shown to follow from the new uncertainty principle.
    • The principle implies a maximally spread-out diffraction pattern.
    • A non-zero mean-square spatial phase gradient is required.
    • The method operates directly with measurable intensities.

    Conclusions:

    • A novel intensity-based uncertainty principle provides a new pathway to the Helmholtz wave equation.
    • This approach may expand the scope of solvable diffraction problems.
    • The principle offers a potentially more practical method for numerical analysis.