Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
Published on: May 23, 2020
The stepped hybrid plate for carpal panarthrodesis - Part I: relationship between plate and bone surfaces
C Diaz-Bertrana1, F Darnaculleta, I Durall
1Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Ignacio.
Abstract:
In the 1990s, the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen) Hand Study Group developed several anatomically bent plates (standard and short) for wrist panarthrodesis in humans. However, only straight plates have been used for carpal panarthrodesis (CP) in animals to date. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if precontoured plates are more anatomical for CP in dogs. Measurement of several of the bones that are implicated in CP, as well as the relationship between their surfaces and the surface of a straight plate, were performed in a radiographic and computed tomographic cadaveric study. Axial and transverse measurements taken at different levels of the metacarpal bones 2, 3 and 4 were also included. The second objective of this study was to develop a more anatomical CP plate according to the results obtained. The measurements and images obtained in this study show that, as in human orthopaedics, bent or stepped plates are more anatomically correct than straight plates for CP in dogs.
Related Concept Videos
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...