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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro

Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro

Published on: November 24, 2015

Engineering embryonic stem-cell aggregation allows an enhanced osteogenic differentiation in vitro.

David Gothard¹, Scott J Roberts, Kevin M Shakesheff

¹Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods

|September 16, 2009

Summary

Engineered embryonic stem cell (ES) cultures show improved osteogenic differentiation for bone tissue repair. This 3D system enhances mesoderm homogeneity, leading to more efficient bone cell development.

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Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro

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Published on: September 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Tissue engineering
Regenerative medicine

Background:

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are promising for tissue engineering, but osteogenic differentiation is inefficient and yields heterogeneous cell populations.
Previous methods involved dissociated embryoid body (EB) culture in osteoinductive media for bone regeneration applications.
An engineered 3D culture system was developed for controlled ES cell-ES cell interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of an engineered 3D culture system on ES cell osteogenic differentiation.
To assess if controlled ES cell aggregation enhances bone cell development compared to traditional methods.

Main Methods:

Engineered embryoid bodies (EBs) were created using an avidin-biotin binding complex for controlled cell-cell interaction.
Engineered EBs were cultured in both osteoinductive and control media.
Osteogenic differentiation was assessed via gene expression (cadherin-11, Runx2, osteopontin), alkaline phosphatase activity, and bone nodule formation.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyzed germ layer gene expression.

Main Results:

Engineered EBs demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation markers compared to controls.
Cultures from intact EBs aggregated for 3 days showed the highest osteogenic differentiation in osteoinductive media.
Bone nodule formation was observed in engineered samples even in control media.
Engineered samples showed reduced endoderm and ectoderm gene expression, indicating increased mesoderm homogeneity.

Conclusions:

Engineered ES cell aggregation in a 3D system significantly improves osteogenic differentiation efficiency.
This approach promotes mesoderm homogeneity, leading to more robust bone cell development.
The engineered system holds potential for bone tissue repair, regeneration, and pharmacological applications.