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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Increase in pneumococcus macrolide resistance, United States.

Stephen G Jenkins1, David J Farrell

  • 1Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA. stj2005@med.cornell.edu

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|September 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae significantly increased in 2005-2006, reaching 35.3%. High-level resistance is growing, particularly in children and the southern US.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has been a growing concern.
  • Previous surveillance data showed a stable resistance rate of approximately 30%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To monitor macrolide resistance trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae during year 6 (2005-2006) of the Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology (PROTECT) study.
  • To compare current resistance data with previous years and analyze resistance mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of 6,747 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from 119 centers across the United States.
  • Susceptibility testing to macrolides and comparison with historical data.
  • Genotypic analysis of resistance mechanisms, including mef(A) and erm(B).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Main Results:

  • Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae significantly increased to 35.3% in year 6, up from a stable rate of ~30%.
  • Resistance increased across all US regions and age groups, with highest rates in the South and for children aged 0-2 years.
  • Prevalence of lower-level mef(A)-mediated resistance decreased, while highly resistant erm(B) + mef(A) strains increased to 25%.

Conclusions:

  • Pneumococcal macrolide resistance in the US experienced its first significant rise since 2000.
  • High-level macrolide resistance is increasing, necessitating continued surveillance and potential treatment strategy adjustments.
  • Telithromycin and levofloxacin maintained high susceptibility rates (>99% and >98%, respectively), indicating continued efficacy against these resistant strains.