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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

Voltage Doubler Circuit

A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Frequency-doubled, additive-pulse, mode-locked NaCl:OH(-)laser.

C P Yakymyshyn, C R Pollock

    Optics Letters
    |September 16, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers frequency-doubled tunable laser pulses using a lithium iodate crystal. This technique achieved stable, ultrashort pulses at 0.8 micrometers, enhancing laser technology for various applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Tunable, additive-pulse, mode-locked lasers are crucial for generating ultrashort optical pulses.
    • Frequency doubling is a key nonlinear optical process for accessing shorter wavelengths.
    • Sodium chloride (NaCl) color-center lasers doped with hydroxyl (OH-) offer tunable output in the infrared region.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To frequency double the output of a tunable, additive-pulse, mode-locked NaCl:OH(-) color-center laser.
    • To investigate the characteristics of the frequency-doubled ultrashort pulses.
    • To assess the tunability and power of the generated second-harmonic pulses.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a lithium iodate (LiIO(3)) crystal for second-harmonic generation.

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  • Employed a tunable, additive-pulse, mode-locked NaCl:OH(-) color-center laser as the fundamental light source.
  • Characterized the output pulses in terms of duration, average power, and wavelength tunability.
  • Main Results:

    • Achieved stable frequency-doubled pulses with durations as short as 76 femtoseconds (fsec).
    • Obtained an average output power exceeding 5 milliwatts (mW) at 0.8 micrometers.
    • Demonstrated tunability of the frequency-doubled pulses over the range of 755 to 825 nanometers (nm).

    Conclusions:

    • Successful frequency doubling of a mode-locked NaCl:OH(-) laser output was demonstrated.
    • The method provides a reliable way to generate ultrashort, tunable pulses in the visible spectrum.
    • This technique has potential applications in spectroscopy, optical communications, and fundamental research.