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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

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Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

[Flu vaccine effectiveness: a metaanalysis].

José Moreno¹, Fernando De la Hoz, Alejandro Rico

¹Grupo de Epidemiología, Subdirección de Investigaciones, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. josemorenomontoya@gmail.com

Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto Nacional De Salud

|September 17, 2009

Summary

This meta-analysis shows that influenza vaccination is effective in preventing hospitalization in older adults. The vaccine demonstrated a protective effect, highlighting its importance as a public health intervention.

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Vaccinology

Context:

Seasonal influenza poses a significant public health burden globally, with high infection rates and substantial costs, particularly affecting high-risk populations.
Immunization is a critical control measure, yet data on vaccine effectiveness in tropical regions remain limited.
This study addresses the need for robust evidence on influenza vaccine effectiveness.

Purpose:

To evaluate the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination as a public health measure.
To synthesize findings from published epidemiological studies using meta-analysis techniques.
To critically assess potential biases and methodological limitations in the included studies.

Summary:

A meta-analysis of 28 studies, selected from 257 initially identified, evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness.
Pooled vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in older adults (≥65 years) was 0.74 (95% CI 0.68-0.81) for case-control studies and 0.80 (95% CI 0.68-0.91) for cohort studies.
The analysis included data from developed countries in Europe, America, and Asia, involving approximately 1.2 million participants.

Impact:

The findings demonstrate a significant protective effect of influenza vaccination in older adults, confirming its value in reducing severe outcomes.
This evidence supports the continued recommendation and implementation of influenza immunization programs globally.
The study underscores the importance of vaccination in mitigating the impact of seasonal influenza, especially in vulnerable populations.