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Related Concept Videos

Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either sorted through...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Live-cell Imaging of Endocytic Transport using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
08:02

Live-cell Imaging of Endocytic Transport using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

Published on: October 17, 2025

GRAF1-dependent endocytosis.

Gary J Doherty1, Richard Lundmark

  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK. richard.lundmark@medchem.umu.se

Biochemical Society Transactions
|September 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

GRAF1 protein regulates a major cell entry pathway, the CLIC/GEEC pathway, crucial for internalizing GPI-anchored proteins and toxins. This research clarifies GRAF1

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Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
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Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocytosis Research

Background:

  • Endocytosis is vital for cell function, with clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) being extensively studied.
  • Other endocytic pathways exist, including the clathrin-independent carrier/GPI-anchored protein-enriched early endocytic compartment (CLIC/GEEC) pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function of GRAF1 (GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase-1) in the CLIC/GEEC endocytic pathway.
  • To discuss GRAF1's role in membrane sculpting, small G-protein signaling, and endocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GRAF1 and the CLIC/GEEC pathway.
  • Analysis of GRAF1's domain structure and its interaction with membrane dynamics and signaling proteins.

Main Results:

  • GRAF1 is essential for the CLIC/GEEC pathway, which internalizes GPI-anchored proteins, toxins, and fluid.
  • This pathway involves pleiomorphic membranes, Cdc42 activity, and dynamic membrane carriers.
  • GRAF1 acts at the intersection of membrane shaping, G-protein signaling, and endocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • GRAF1 is a key regulator of a significant clathrin-independent endocytic pathway.
  • Understanding GRAF1's mechanism provides insights into cellular uptake processes beyond CME.